![]() ![]() The chemical properties of the elements reflect their electron configurations. The highest occupied electron shell is called the valence shell, and the electrons occupying this shell are called valence electrons. ![]() In the third period of the table, the atoms all have a neon-like core of 10 electrons, and shell #3 is occupied progressively with eight electrons, starting with the 3s-orbital. As we progress from lithium (atomic number=3) to neon (atomic number=10) across the second row or period of the table, all these atoms start with a filled 1s-orbital, and the 2s-orbital is occupied with an electron pair before the 2p-orbitals are filled. Shell #2 has four higher energy orbitals, the 2s-orbital being lower in energy than the three 2p-orbitals. According to the Aufbau principle, the electrons of an atom occupy quantum levels or orbitals starting from the lowest energy level, and proceeding to the highest, with each orbital holding a maximum of two paired electrons (opposite spins).Įlectron shell #1 has the lowest energy and its s-orbital is the first to be filled. The truncated periodic table shown above provides the orbital electronic structure for the first eighteen elements (hydrogen through argon). Consequently, our understanding of organic chemistry must have, as a foundation, an appreciation of the electronic structure and properties of these elements. Other interactive periodic tables provide comprehensive data for each element, including nuclide properties, environmental and health factors, presentation in different languages and much more.įor comic relief you may wish to examine a periodic table linked to element references in comic books.įour elements, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, are the major components of most organic compounds. There are, of course, over eighty other elements.Ī complete periodic table, having very useful interactive links has been created by Mark Winter. The periodic table shown here is severely truncated. This module introduces some basic facts and principles that are needed for a discussion of organic molecules.Įlectron Configurations in the Periodic Table 1A The study of organic chemistry must at some point extend to the molecular level, for the physical and chemical properties of a substance are ultimately explained in terms of the structure and bonding of molecules. The coefficient multiplies that by #4#, so we get #8xx4=32# atoms of hydrogen.Electron Configurations & The Periodic Table #H:# Ignoring the coefficient, we know there's #5+3=8# atoms of hydrogen. #C#: It only appears once and without a subscript, so #1xx4=4#. Again, counting the coefficient, there's #4xx2=8# atoms of nitrogen. #N#: The bracket around #NH_2# has a subscript of #2#, so that means there's #2# nitrogen atoms if we're not counting the coefficient. #H#: There's #3+1=4# atoms of hydrogen without the coefficient (it appears once as #H_3# and once as #H#), so there's #4xx5=20# atoms of hydrogen with the coefficient. After looking at the coefficient, though, there's #2xx5=10# atoms of carbon. That means that there are #2# carbon atoms if we don't look at the coefficient. In both cases, they don't have subscripts. #C#: Carbon appears twice in this formula. It also means that there's #2xx2=4# atoms of oxygen. When we put a coefficient in front of something, we're multiplying the entire thing by that number.įor example, in #2CO_2#, there are #2#CO_2# molecules. The coefficient, which is where the #x# is in #xA#.It also means that there's #2xx3=6# atoms of oxygen. So, for example, in #H_2O#, there are #2# hydrogen atoms. This tells us how many atoms of that specific element or group are in the compound. The subscript, which is where the #x# is in #A_x#.When determining how many atoms of an element are in a compound from the chemical formula, we need to keep in mind two things: ![]()
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![]() ![]() USB 2.0 and 3.x came in at 37MB/s and 89MB/s respectively. ![]() We see a result of 295MB/s in the RAID 0 test and 126MB/s in the standalone AHCI test. These are obviously not really tests designed to measure specific speeds on a given board, but rather to ensure that everything works as intended. Lastly, in the 100MB write test, we once again see typical results. USB 3.x and 2.0 achieved results of 303MB/s and 38MB/s. We saw a result of 581MB/s for the RAID 0 test and 125MB/s for the AHCI configuration. In the 100MB test set, we see results that are once again within expected ranges. USB 3.x and 2.0 results were 87MB/s and 38MB/s respectively. In this test, the RAID 0 configuration achieves better performance than the standalone AHCI configuration with 297MB/s compared to 121MB/s. All of the devices perform in their expected ranges with no abnormalities. Once again, we see typical results for this platform. USB 3.x achieved a result of 310MB/s while USB 2.0 came in at 38MB/s which as I said before was expected. RAID 0 doesn’t really help here which is why it performs worse with this data set. The AHCI configuration achieved a result of 609MB/s while in RAID mode, the same drives achieve a result of 444MB/s. We like it so much it’s now our main hard drive in our small form factor builds.The results here are typical of what we see for the devices in question as well as motherboards utilizing this type of CPU and PCH. It’s small, fast, quiet, cool and with an excellent price quality ratio. We think this 2.5″ HDD is the sweet spot for anyone who needs an upgrade regardless of its purpose like laptop, gaming console, HTPC, external drive etc ![]() We didn’t include in the tests versus an SSD because we know it won’t even come close but just for fun, only one to see why SSD are so good. ![]() In all the tests the 7k1000 beats it’s 2.5″ brother by 20 – 50% showing that the 7200 RPM and 32 MB buffer is better not only on paper but also in real life than the 5400 RPM and 8 MB combo.Īnd even more interesting it wins against a regular 3.5” also at 7200 but with 16 MB buffer.īoth HD Tune and Crystal Disk Mark prove the above.Ĭan’t hear it even in load and this is where we keep it in our build.Īnd heat-wise, in that position with all these tests we didn’t see it go over 39-40 degrees C. Video card: MSI GTX 760 OC 4 GB Twin Frozr SSD : Samsung 840 Evo 120 GB (1 year old)Įxternal HDD : WD Passport 1 TB 2.5″ 5400 Rpm 8 Mb buffer WD10TMVW USB 3.0 HDD : WD 640 GB AAKS 3.5″ 7200 Rpm 16 Mb buffer (6 years old) RAM: 2 x 4 GB Crucial Ballistix Tactical Tracers 1600 Mhz CL8 (3 years old) Processor: Intel i7 2700k Sandy Bridge 32nm, HT and Turbo Boost Enabled HGST Travelstar 2.5-Inch 1TB 7200RPM SATA 6GB/s 32MB Cache Mobile retail kit Made by HGST, formerly Hitachi Global Storage Technologies founded in 2003, but now a subsidiary of Western Digital (acquired in 2012) that produces hard disk drives, solid-state drives, and external storage products and services. Usually it’s one or the other, but this one has it all: 7200 RPM with 32 MB cache buffer and 1 Terabyte (2x 500 GB platters) in a 2.5″ size, via a SATA 6 GB/s interface. One of the very few complete 2.5” mechanical hard drives that doesn’t have to compromise between capacity and speed. Another interesting product is in for reviewing. ![]() ![]() ![]() “The USGS collection data allow the science, government, civil, and international user communities to map wildfires, primary and secondary contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, ice cover persistence, melt, water clarity, water quality, floating algae biomass, landcover that’s changed, and also urban growth and the heat island effects on local and regional temperature,” said USGS Project Scientist Chris Crawford. Like its predecessors, Landsat 9 is a joint effort of NASA and the U.S. Its instruments collect images of Earth’s landscapes in visible, near and shortwave (reflected) infrared, and thermal infrared wavelengths. Each pixel in these images is 30 meters across, or about the size of a baseball infield, which allows resource managers to resolve most crop fields in the United States. “Landsat is our best source for understanding rates of tropical deforestation, as well as other forest dynamics like disturbances from hurricanes, wildfires, insect outbreaks, as well as the recovery of those disturbances over time.”Īs Landsat 9 orbits Earth, it captures scenes across a swath 185 kilometers (115) miles wide. “We have over 2,000 peer-reviewed publications every year in the scientific literature that depend on the Landsat archive,” Masek said. NASA Landsat 9 Project Scientist Jeff Masek poses for a photograph by the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket with the Landsat 9 satellite at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. Landsat’s medium-resolution imaging capability allows researchers to harmonize the images to detect the footprint of human activities and their impact on our home planet over the decades. Images from Landsat 9 will be added to nearly 50 years of free and publicly available data from the mission – the longest data record of Earth’s landscapes taken from space. ![]() ![]() “Landsat provides one basic set of observations that feeds an entire range of Earth science applications and research,” said NASA Landsat 9 Project Scientist Jeff Masek. This calibrated data will continue the Landsat program’s critical role in monitoring the health of Earth and helping people manage essential resources, including crops, irrigation water, and forests. Landsat 9 and Landsat 8 will collect images from across the planet every eight days. 27, the satellite now joins Landsat 8 in orbit and replaces Landsat 7, launched in 1999. Photo Credit: NASA/Bill IngallsĪfter a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket successfully carried the Landsat 9 spacecraft into orbit from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on Sept. Geological Survey mission that continues the legacy of monitoring Earth’s land and coastal regions, lifted off from Vandenberg Space Force on Monday, Sept. The Landsat 9 satellite, a joint NASA/U.S. ![]() ![]() but yeah, I mean, a lot of people were like, we want the great sword", Verfaille tells me. ![]() "I think the only thing I hear more is we want mounts. For instance, I could do this big uppercut swing which empowered my next hits, then activate a defensive stab which topped up some of my health as a bonus.įan desire played a clear part in bringing the greatsword to the game, as well as just being a cool opportunity to mix things up a bit. You're able to stick points into both aggressive and defensive trees, then swap between these styles on the fly when you're chopping enemies to pieces. It's a honkin' great thing whose main gimmick – other than hitting extremely hard – is letting you mix-and-match between two different fighting stances: offensive and defensive. While the expansion's cool new locations offset much of the monotony of the quests, the greatsword also put in some work too. Where New World's base areas were nice and all, with their woods and mountains, the Brimstone Sands seem like an exciting jaunt into an exotic land that's really upped the bar. And bouncing between quests, I invaded little caverns tucked away on the fringes of the desert, or stumbled into little oases populated by cutesy armadillos and magical stags. Look up to the sky and you might catch a glimpse of a hovering mega-structure, a bit like the sci-fi Toblerones you'd catch in Destiny 2's Egyptian-inspired Curse Of Osiris DLC. There was a great sense of scale when traversing scorpion-ridden sands and beelining towards an enormous acropolis carved out of colossal blocks. The early portions of Brimstone Sands I explored were beautiful spaces, not at all hindered by the constraints of, well, lots of sand. And perhaps I simply hadn't reached the good stuff. I suppose that's a bit harsh from me, as I can't expect New World to chuck out its easily completed MMO bread and butter for the involved caviar on toast of complicated RPG quests. There was one quest where I did a spot of clambering up a stone structure to get to a chest, but it was a fairly simple affair. I helped some NPCs gather insignias by entering a stronghold filled with reanimated roman skeletons and gathered flowers from some cacti – the usual kind of thing, you know. When it comes to Brimstone Sands' questing, I didn't notice much of a change from previous offerings. They've also introduced quest hubs throughout, as well as plenty of two-way portals so there's less backtracking in general, and it's much easier to get around. "Now there's puzzles, there's wave events, there's traversals just to keep it more interesting," he explains. Verfaille says that the expansion's second big goal is to introduce quest variety in both "the levels one through 25 experience", as well as throughout the new expansion area. ![]() He calls it a "linear path" and a more "streamlined experience", which they were comfortable implementing because there's a lot more endgame now than when it first launched. New World's creative director David Verfaille tells me that the expansion's early game re-think eliminates the disjointed faff of running between various areas to speed up the journey to endgame. ![]() The titular Brimstone Sands is simultaneously lovely on the eye, an endgame area, and not an example of how they're remixing the early game. Maybe, just maybe, it could bring me back into the fold, but my early impressions are a touch mixed. It adds a great big desert area, an all-new greatsword weapon, and attempts to revise the early game experience for new players. It's a shame, as I like New World's vibes-based levelling as a whole, which gives you XP for cracking on with whatever takes your fancy, be that killing things or doing carpentry.Įnter Brimstone Sands, which hits the PTR on the 1st September. Ultimately, I struggled to find the time to grind out the levels required to participate in the cool PVE or PVP stuff, as the level gate is less generous than my past flames Final Fantasy XIV or World Of Warcraft. Alice Bee thought it was a fresh, swashbuckling MMO in her review-in-progress and I was certainly taken by its early build, which had more in common with Valheim than it did World Of Warcraft.īut I fell off the game not long into its release, and earlier than I did other MMOs. Maybe.?Īmazon Games' MMO New World threw itself into saturated waters last year, stirring up a feeding frenzy of players desperate to get their hands on a shiny new timesink. One year on, is it everything the game needs to satisfy long-time fans and attract newcomers? Yes! Well. I got hands-on with the expansion's first hour or so and had a chat with the game's creative director about it all. ![]() New World is getting its first major expansion in the form of Brimstone Sands, an arid endgame location for players to contest that comes bundled with a bunch of early game streamlining, and a brand-new weapon, too. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() If you’re more of a tote gal, don’t forget to finish your look with a pair of dazzling aviator or plush cat eye sunglasses. 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A design that stands the test of time, there’s something about cork wedges that just echo bohemian vibes. ![]() With a nod to heritage nautical inspiration, we’ve got espadrille-style wedge sandals trimmed with jute detailing for an authentic finish. Boho inspoįlowing maxis, leg-lengthening wide fit trousers, halterneck jumpsuits and cute co-ords, take your pick, as they all look great teamed with wedges. Browse classic black wedge boots perfect for the winter months, as well as chic womens wedge sandals to team with virtually any outfit in your wardrobe. Now that the sun has finally made an appearance, lap up the best of the British weather and show off your perfectly preened Shellac pedicure in a pair of statement wedges or a pair of heeled sandals. Whether you’re jetting off to warmer climes, firing up the BBQ for a family garden party or simply hitting the town with the girls, we’ve got wedges for every occasion. ![]() ![]() It has also become prevalent in other genres such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz, techno, and reggae. A single beatboxer typically performs unaccompanied, but groups can comprise multiple beatboxers.īeatboxing is popular in hip-hop music. If you've ever heard someone beatboxing, you know it can be an impressive display of vocal music skill.Ī beatboxer creates music and sound effects using their mouth, lips, tongue, voice, and body. ![]() Artists today mix melodies from all over Pop music history. It’s now a virtual free-for-all in terms of styles. TLC, Destiny's Child, Missy Elliott, Alanis Morissette, and Christina Aguilera lead the way. It creates an upbeat sound that appealed to audiences around the world. This movement combined elements of rock, funk, soul, and dance. Michael Jackson ushered in a new era of pop music, which some call New Wave or New Romanticism. The 1980s was a decade defined by pop music. His distortion-heavy style influenced generations of guitarists to come. The 1970s gave birth to multiple genres, including disco, punk, glam rock, heavy metal, and folk. Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, and Marvin Gaye are all legends from there. Detroit was home to some of America's most popular Motown artists. The 60's decade marked a rebirth for American music. What constitutes pop music today is vastly different from what was popular in 1956. Pop refers to any popular form of music (rock, country, hip-hop) enjoyed by a mass audience. It's sometimes called Top 40 music or mainstream music. Pop is a catch-all term for accessible, catchy, simple, or commercial music. Here are five types that best illustrate its fantastic scope: 1) Opera It can be as diverse as it is powerful and moving. Vocal music encompasses everything from opera to beatboxing. There are several different types of vocal music that people listen to every day. Backup singers may also harmonize with other backup singers. Backup singers may sing along with one or more melodies in unison or in octaves. In some cases, harmony vocals can serve as another melody alongside the lead. They may have a subordinate role to the melody. Harmony vocals often go with lead vocals. Generally, a vocalist sings lead when singing the melody on a track. ![]() It can include a solo voice, chorus, duets, and more complex combinations. Vocal music typically refers to any song whose vocals are the main focal point of the track. Some of these may surprise you! What is Vocal Music? In this article, we’ll look at five examples of vocal music you can find in any city, large or small. Many types of vocal music include solo performances and vocal ensembles. This is such a human experience, composed at a time when human experiences weren’t chief among the aims of most Baroque composer composers.The human voice is one of the most potent instruments in music. ![]() There are biblical proclamations of impending apocalypse littered throughout, and for each of them, Bach works in some sort of crushing atonality or strange chord, as if he’s wincing with pain each time it happens. If you thought that Baroque music mostly dealt with plinky-plinky harpsichords, the St Matthew Passion will change mind. secundum Evangelistam Matthæum (the ‘J.C.’ stands for Jesus Christ, which is maybe a bit familiar for someone he hadn’t met… but we’ll let him off). The original title is Passio Domini nostri J.C. It’s one of two ‘Passion’ oratorios that have survived since Bach died (he could’ve written up to five), but it’s also become one of his most celebrated pieces. Read more: 30 greatest classical composers of all time ![]() Needless to say, each of these examples should be digested in a single sitting. Here are the 10 major works we recommend you devote some time to. ![]() |